Augustine and Original Sin
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Augustine was born in Tagaste,
in Numidia (now Souk-Ahras, in the territory of Constantine, in Algeria)
on November 13, A.D. 354. His father, Patricius, was an influential and
worldly pagan. His mother, Monnica, was a Christian who tried to train
her son in Christian principles. Augustine, himself, was both very
intelligent and very sensual. As he grew older, he studied at Madaura
and then at Carthage. At the age of seventeen he took a concubine (a
woman he was never properly married to). They lived together for
fourteen years. Their son, Adeodatus, was born in A.D. 372.
Augustine
dates his conversion to Christianity with the reading of the book, Hortensius,
by the ancient heathen writer, Cicero. It "changed my affections
and turned my prayers to Thyself, O Lord" (Confessions of
Augustine, 3). Now he turned his attention to the Bible itself, but
was not very impressed. All of the pagan books he had already perused
seemed more interesting to him. "They [the Scriptures] appeared to
me unworthy to be compared with the dignity of Cicero" (Confessions,
3). Augustine then turned to Manichaeanism; and, for nine years, he
was a devoted Manichaean. Manichaeanism was started by Manichaeus (A.D.
215-275), a Persian who taught that all matter—everything that exists—is
inherently evil. This strange error fastened itself strongly on
Augustine’s mind and laid the basis for his later theological ideas.
Original sin is basically the error of Manichaeanism. And predestination
is a logical result of it. Because man cannot be enabled by Heaven to
put away his sins (original sin), God only intends to save certain ones;
and He will do it automatically. They have little or nothing to do with
His decision of who will be saved and who will be lost (predestination).
Christ’s death on the cross is all there is to man’s salvation, and
man has little or nothing to do with the salvation process.
During those
nine years, Augustine continued to live either at Carthage or at Tagaste
as he continued his studies. His prayer at the time was "God, grant
me chastity and continence, but not yet" (Confessions, 8).
From Manichaeanism, he next turned directly to skepticism and practical
atheism. Moving to Rome in A.D. 383, he obtained, the next year, an
appointment as a teacher of rhetoric (speaking) in Milan, Italy. Milan
at that time was considered to be the Western capital of the Roman
Empire.
In Milan,
Augustine heard the powerful preaching of Ambrose; but he was listening
for rhetorical, not religious, instruction. About that time, Monnica,
his mother, arrived and urged that he enter a proper marriage with a
woman of his wealthy class status. But since the woman selected was
still too young, Augustine regretfully put away his concubine, in
preparation for the eventual marriage—and spent his time living with a
prostitute.
Augustine
badly needed some moral instruction. And now he discovered
neo-Platonism, through the writings of Victorinus. Here he found a
different set of speculations to tack onto those he had received from
Manichaeus. Neo-Platonism was later adapted to the wanderings of the
Greek philosopher, Plato. The surprised Augustine now learned that the
only evil world was the spiritual—but it was in a terrible condition.
Evil was not necessarily bad; it was just separation from God and little
else. The best thing was to know God; liking this idea, Augustine was
now prepared to accept Christianity and teach his ideas of what it
consisted of.
But Augustine
had also been listening to Ambrose, who taught that the authority of the
Church at Rome was the highest authority. Out of this experience,
Augustine could later say, "I should not believe the Gospel except
as moved by the authority of the Catholic Church (to do so)."
(Against
Manichaeus, 5) The
authority of Rome, in doctrinal matters, combined in Augustine with the
pagan philosophies he had earlier been taught. The result was
Augustinianism; and it was to have a most powerful influence on
Christian thought and Protestant thought after it, down to our own time.
Augustine
decided that he needed more of God; and a well-traveled African,
Pontitianus, told him about the monastic life of Egypt. He decided that
was what he needed. It was now late summer of 386. He left his teaching
post and began further philosophical reading at an estate known as
Cassisiacum. He was now to discover and revel in that which many
theology students after his time have found: the vagaries of the
"great theologians." In his time, these men were, in deepest
respect, called "the church fathers." Augustine was baptized
on Easter Eve, 387, by Ambrose in Milan. In quick succession, both his
mother, Monnica, and his son, Adeodatus, died. Planning to start a
monastery, he went to Hippo, in North Africa; and, there in 391, he was
ordained as a Roman Catholic priest. Four years later he was appointed
bishop of Hippo, and soon after founded the first monastery in that part
of Africa. He is known as "Augustine of Hippo" and also as
"St. Augustine"; for he was later canonized by Rome for his
helpful Catholic theological writings. In 419, Rome had been sacked by
Attila, the Goth; and the Vandals were besieging Hippo in 430, when
Augustine was on his deathbed. He died on August 28, 430.
THE
IMPORTANCE OF AUGUSTINE
It has been
said that Augustine was the most important Catholic philosopher of
history. He ranks even higher than Thomas Aquinas (1226-1274); for he
preceded him and supplied very important theological speculations that
Aquinas and his fellow schoolmen of the Dark Ages developed into
full-blown Catholicism, with all of its theological confusion.
Only Origen
(186-285) was a deeper thinker; but, like him, Augustine laid the
logical basis for much of the theological heresies and errors that
followed him. Another reason for Augustine’s prominence is the fact
that, after his time, there were no other deep thinkers, with the
exception of Boethius (480-524), for a number of centuries. In
Augustine, many of the philosophical streams of ancient paganism found
their meeting place. In him, the speculative neo-Platonic castlebuilding
of the Alexandrian School of Christian philosophers (see The Story of
the Change of the Sabbath, Part 1-2 [BS–4-5]) could combine with
the dogmatic authoritarianism of Rome. It is an amazing fact that the
majority of early Christian theological daydreaming took place in North
Africa and was then accepted by Rome, as they were seen to fulfill its
political ambitions of ascendancy over all the other churches of
Christendom. But of those North African thinkers, Augustine was the
capstone. And such a powerful one, that even the leading lights in the
sixteenth-century Reformation never really escaped from his shadow.
With
Augustine, we find the origin of the brand of neo-Platonism that was to
become the hallmark of the Medieval church. While their soldiers busied
themselves with exterminating the remaining Christians (see Great
Controversy, chapters 2-4), their philosophers occupied themselves
with straining at theological gnats.
Here are the
kind of Platonic ideas that Augustine believed, taught, wrote about, and
bequeathed to the Catholic Church: "The soul participates in the
divine ideas; for God is the illumination of the soul, as light is to
the bodily eye. Discourse with other souls does not impart ideas; it
only stimulates the divinely illuminated intellect within men, to see
what is in fact already present within it. All men have an original
capacity to see Platonic fascination with "light"; this was
used by earlier Christian philosophers as an excuse for Sundaykeeping—because
that was the day that light was created; therefore it should be the
Sabbath.
But such
knowledge Augustine did not feel could come unaided. It took the help of
God; he explained that we were to obtain this information from the
philosophers. In short, if you haven’t been listening to the
philosophers lately, you haven’t been listening to God. To hear one is
to hear the other. But, because of the influence of Ambrose, Augustine
would add that those philosophers that bring you the words of God must
be those approved by Rome.
AUGUSTINE AND
ORIGINAL SIN
At the heart
of Augustinian theology was his own lack of self-control. He couldn’t
seem to be able to stop sinning; so he speculated that it was impossible
for anyone to stop. Augustine’s life was tempestuous and passionate.
Despite His intellectual abilities, he could not keep his body under.
His ideas of human depravity were based on pagan philosophies he had
been earlier taught and on the memories of his sordid past. His Confessions
constitutes one of the most remarkable psychological disclosures in all
literature—Christian or otherwise. In careful detail, he vividly
recalls the miserable life; so that his readers could consider all that
impurity, that they, themselves, might the better absorb his wonderful
theological truths.
Augustine
decided that man, when he fell, fell into a somethingness called
"original sin." This is full sin and full guilt. And it is,
according to Augustine, passed on from parent to child. As soon as the
child is born it has that full sin and full guilt within it. The error
of "original sin" is the error of biological transmission of
sin. It is inherited sin and inherited guilt. Augustine had a specific
example of this. He believed and he taught it: Man cannot keep from
concupiscence (sexual sin); he is doomed to indulge in it. But, of
course, we can understand why Augustine felt this way. He had the flaw
of all philosophers: He spent his time thinking about his own problems
instead of reading the Word and submitting to its clear teachings, no
matter what the personal sacrifice that might be involved. Philosophers
are concerned with thinking; "Christian philosophers," or
theologians, with "doing theology." But in contrast,
Christians are concerned with reading God’s Word, accepting it as it
reads, communing with Him, and obeying Him. The objectives are as far
different as the paths that they take.
Augustine was
so wrapped up in himself and his "personal-image theology," as
one might call it, that he was not emotionally able to face the plain
truth of Scripture. If he had been willing, the Christian church, for
sixteen-hundred years, would not have needed to be saddled with his
error of "original sin."
WHAT THE
BIBLE TEACHES
Augustine
taught that sin and guilt are inherited. But the Bible teaches that
every man is individually responsible for his own sin.
"Now, lo,
if he beget a son that seeth all his father’s sins which he hath done,
and considereth, and doeth not such like . . that hath taken off his
hand from the poor, that hath not received usury nor increase, hath
executed My judgments, hath walked in My statutes: he shall not surely
die for the iniquity of his father, he shall surely live.
"As for
his father, because he cruelly oppressed, spoiled his brother by
violence, and did that which is not good among his people, lo, even he
shall die in his iniquity.
"Yet say
ye, Why? Doth not the son bear the iniquity of the father? [Adam was our
father; don’t we bear his iniquity—his original sin?] When the son
hath done that which is lawful and right, and hath kept all My statutes,
and hath done them, he shall surely live.
"The soul
that sinneth, it shall die. The son shall not bear the iniquity of the
father, neither shall the father bear the iniquity of the son. The
righteousness of the righteous shall be upon him, and the wickedness of
the wicked shall be upon him.
"But if
the wicked will turn from all his sins that he hath committed, and keep
all My statutes, and do that which is lawful and right, he shall surely
live; he shall not die.
"All his
transgressions that he hath committed, they shall not be mentioned unto
him. In his righteousness that he hath done he shall live.
"Have I
any pleasure at all that the wicked should die? saith the Lord God, and
not that he should return from his ways, and live? But when the
righteous turneth away from his righteousness, and committeth iniquity,
and doeth according to all the abominations that the wicked man doeth,
shall he live? All his righteousness that he hath done shall not be
mentioned. In his trespass that he hath trespassed, and in his sin that
he bath sinned, in them shall he die.
"Yet ye
say, The way of the Lord is not equal. Hear now, O house of Israel: Is
not My way equal? Are not your ways unequal?"—Ezekiel 18:14,
17-25 (note verses 26-32).
"Your
blood be upon your own heads."—Acts 18:6 (compare Eze 33:4).
"Say ye
to the righteous, that it shall be well with him, for they shall eat the
fruit of their doings. Woe unto the wicked! It shall be ill with him,
for the reward of his hands shall be given him."—Isaiah
3:10-11 (also read Ps 128:1-2; 1:3-5; 11:4-6; Eccl 8:12-13; Gal 6:7-9;
Rom 2:6-9; 2 Cor 5:10; Heb 6:12).
"Who will
render to every man according to his [own] deeds."—Romans 2:6
.
"The
fathers shall not be put to death for the children, neither shall the
children be put to death for the fathers. Every man shall be put to
death for his own sin."—Deuteronomy 24:16 (compare Eze 14:14).
"If thou
be wise, thou shalt be wise for thyself: but if thou scornest, thou
alone shalt bear it."—Proverbs 9:12.
"We must
all appear before the judgment seat of Christ, that every one may
receive the things done in his body, according to that he hath done,
whether it be good or bad."—2 Corinthians 5:10.
"And be
it indeed that I have erred, mine error remaineth with myself."—Job
19:4.
"But
every one shall die for his own iniquity: Every man that eateth the sour
grape, [it is] his teeth [that] shall be set on edge."—Jeremiah
31:30.
"For
every man shall bear his own burden . . Be not deceived; God is not
mocked, for whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap."—Galatians
6:5, 7.
So then, it is
clear from Scripture that man does not inherit sin from his father,
either through biological transmission (heredity) or through day-by-day
circumstances (environment).
Are we then
saying that man can obey God without help from Christ? No, we are not.
"Neither is there salvation in any other: for there is none other
name under heaven given among men, whereby we must be saved."—Acts
4:12.
Before the
Fall, man could obey without divine grace; since the Fall, he must have
divine help. But that post-Fall weakness is not sin. You do not have sin
until you choose to sin. And, by submission to Christ and faith in Him,
you can be empowered to choose not to sin—and remain faithful to your
Lord.
OTHER IDEAS
OF AUGUSTINE
As we already
mentioned, Augustine was very important to Rome; for he provided logical
("theological") reasons for some of their cherished practices.
One of these was infant baptism. Augustine taught that when the newborn
infant is sprinkled by the priest, the guilt of this original sin is
taken away, but not the original sin itself. Thus, unconscious infants
dying without this sprinkling are automatically damned to hellfire
because they still have the inherited guilt. So infant baptism
(sprinkling) becomes a theological must. This idea was helpful to Rome
in its objective of making the people dependent upon the local priest
for their salvation.
Augustine also
taught that the sinful nature (of original sin) remained after infant
baptism; and, with the gradual dawn of moral consciousness, the actual
sin would appear because of original sin. He said that this actual
sinning was inevitable because of the dominance of concupiscence. Again,
Augustine was dreaming up theology to match his own sordid experience.
For if Augustine’s ideas were correct, then his own life was a
perfectly natural experience and not really so bad after all. All those
sins really weren’t his responsibility after all; he could blame Adam
for them.
He says that
not only are all men sinners in Adam; but their sinful state is made
worse since all are born of "concupiscence" (Marriage, 1).
Augustine), who never had a legitimate marriage relationship, decided
that all marriages, even proper ones, were evil and only evil. The
result is that the whole human race, even to the youngest infant, is a
mass of perdition (Original Sin, 34); such deserve the wrath of
God. Original sin is thus a hopeless state that can only be escaped
through baptism, penance, and Christ.
But then
Augustine took it further still: He said that this post-baptismal sin
will inevitably lead to eternal hellfire, unless the person involved
does penance (little wearisome activities suggested by the church or by
the local priest, so the man can atone for his own sin).
Another
helpful idea of Augustine’s was that of the sacraments. These are all
the holy rites and ceremonies of the Church of Rome; these include such
things as ordination, marriage, baptism, and the Lord’s Supper (later
to become the full-fledged Mass). He taught that the sacraments are
necessary for salvation. Rome recognized this as another excellent way
to bind precious souls, for whom Christ died, to its hellish wagon.
PREDESTINATION
As with most
else, Augustine was mixed up on grace. He had studied so much paganism
that he couldn’t see things clearly. He thought that Adam and Eve,
before they fell, were able to resist sin only through a special divine
grace. Of course, this is not correct. The truth is that unfallen man
needed no grace.
We can agree
with Augustine, that fallen man does need grace; but he immediately
wanders off the track here, also. He maintained that God sends grace and
that it is "irresistible." That means, that whoever receives
it will be automatically saved. God arbitrarily decides who will be
saved and who will be lost. Perhaps it will be the worst people that
will be saved and the most godlike in their conduct who will be lost. It
matters not. God decides; man has nothing to do with it. This is
predestination. Obviously, this conflicts with his other idea, that we
must submit to the sacraments and church authority in order to be saved.
Nothing is necessary for salvation, since everything is arbitrary
predestination salvation and perdition. So why should it matter whether
or not we are baptized and obey the priest, since we are all
predestinated anyway? But this is part of the great Babylon of confusion
that the theologians construct. Always filled with mixed-up ideas and
conflicting errors, they spend their lives ever propounding new
solutions and arguing with one another. The truth is that there are no
two theologians in the land that can agree. Flee from the theologians
and study the Bible and the Spirit of Prophecy; and you will develop a
solid and happy faith. Listen to the theologians and you will become
confused. Your religion will soon become a matter of which theologian
you have decided to adhere to. Theological study is a species of
man-worship; Communion with God, through the prayerful study of His
Word, is a very real act of divine worship.
Augustine
taught that God predestinates whom He will, "to punishment and to
salvation" (Enchiridion, 107). Christ saved man at the
cross, and it is the decision of God who shall automatically receive it.
Obviously, all this is but a step away from the modern theological
error, that Christ provided salvation at the cross; and those who choose
to accept it will be automatically saved in their sins.
THE REFORMERS
AND AFTERWARD
There are two
major reasons for Augustine’s importance: (1) He was one of the most
influential thinkers in the Church of Rome. (2) He was the most
influential theologian in the eyes of Martin Luther. Luther (1483-1546)
led out in the great sixteenth-century breakaway from Rome. Luther’s
strong points were his obstinate resistance to Roman authority and the
depth of his convictions that drove him to do what he did. But Luther
had two weak points also: (1) He had been thoroughly trained for years
in the Augustinian order, and had received thorough instruction in
Augustine’s theology, from his Augustinian teachers. (2) When Luther
came out of Catholicism, the changeover was all so new. His remaining
mature years for thought, study, and writing were so short that he only
partly came out from Rome. Martin Luther totally broke with the
authority of Rome, but not from its teachings. And this was the same for
the other Reformers, such as Calvin.
After the time
of Luther, we see two forces at work to mold Protestant thought. One was
the thinking of the theologians. They carefully based much of their
speculations on the immature conclusions of Martin Luther, John Calvin,
and other newly called-out Reformers. They also directly studied the
writings of the church fathers and Augustine. This study of men’s
words and conjectures, as the means of understanding the Bible, is still
going on in our day. And it ruins every Protestant denomination that it
touches. Many Adventists today consider it very important to study the
writings of Luther and his expositors as more mature theology than will
be found in the Bible and Spirit of Prophecy.
The other
major force at work was that of the Jesuits. Hardly had the Reformation
begun than demons and men met in the hellish councils of Rome and
considered ways to destroy Protestants, the purity of their teachings,
or both. A religious fanatic, by the name of Ignatius Loyola, was
selected to lead out in part of this attack, commonly known as the
"Counter-Reformation." Read The Jesuits—their Origin,
Objectives and Methods (MB–1) for more information on how they
systematically murdered Protestants, infiltrated their churches—and
especially their schools—and introduced compromising policies and
Catholic error. Their two objectives, in this undercover operation, have
been (1) to blunt the Protestant opposition to Rome and (2) to carefully
instill Catholic errors into their minds. Look about you today and see
what you find? We have come to the time when only the smallest church
organizations will publish pamphlets and tracts against Rome. No longer
do the major denominations write articles in their magazines and publish
books and papers that explain church history and reveal that Rome is the
Beast of Revelation 13. Then view their doctrines, and you will find the
other result of infiltration: a strong concern for teachers trained in
worldly Protestant and Catholic universities and ministers that adhere
to the doctrines of these teachers. The warning against Roman Babylon
has been muted; the doctrines have been watered-down and compromised;
the organizational policies are governed by fellowship and unity with
the other churches.
IN SUMMARY OF
AUGUSTINE
Augustine
explained that we are all in a hole. That hole is original sin. And
there is no power in earth or sky that can extricate us from it in this
life. Grace does whatever it wills, but nothing can really eliminate the
original sin predicament. And, as he probably knew, Augustine had solved
a problem. Now we have a theological reason for remaining in our sins.
And yet we
must still get ourselves saved, somehow! So Augustine kindly provided
the solution to that one. Here it is: God reaches down and points to
certain ones and says, "These will be saved anyway—apart from any
action of their own." And that is the basis of his erroneous
doctrine of predestination. And it, along with original sin, is the
basis of the modernist "new theology" belief in a finished
atonement on the cross, with no need for obedience to God’s Laws
afterward.
Free from the
Law, oh happy condition; bound for heaven, in all my perdition.
AN IMMACULATE
CONCEPTION
FOR CHRIST
But one more
error was needed to fill out the picture. Augustine had provided so much
assistance to the peculiar errors of Catholicism, that he was later
sainted by a pope. He taught the sacred importance of attendance at
church services, so that the sacraments could be received; and he
emphasized the importance of obedience to Rome. It is generally
recognized that his most important book was The City of God. This
volume explains that God’s grace will save His elect (predestined)
children; but that, in this life, they must stay in the City of God—and
this city is membership in the Church of Rome and adherence to all of
its rules and requirements.
But, after his
death, it was eventually seen that one more error was needed to complete
the fabrication of lies about man’s salvation. This missing doctrinal
link was for later Catholic theologians to provide—the concept that
Christ was so different from us that even His very inherited humanity
was a special mystical something. It was decided in Vatican councils
that Christ inherited a special, totally flawless, human flesh.
This was done,
by the Catholic view, through the Immaculate Conception of His mother,
Mary. But later, Protestants did not like such a close proximity to
Mariolatry in their doctrines. Too many church members objected to it;
so they hit on a compromise: The modern Protestant view is that Christ
received the nature of Adam himself, probably through an inheritance of
genes directly from him.
Now the
theological picture, by which souls could be bound in subservience to
Rome or to its theological descendants, was far more complete:
(1) Original
sin for man—that explains the nature of man to be hopelessly held by
his sins, with no solution for extricating himself from them, except
from the pronouncements of learned men. (2) An Immaculate Human Nature
for Christ—that explains the inherited human nature of Christ to be
descended from a superhuman that is not at all like the rest of us. (3)
Inevitable Salvation for Some Human Beings—so that they will not need
to worry about putting away the sins they enjoy.
Additional
information on the theological basis of original sin is to be found in
the present study you are now reading and also in The Error of
Original Sin (FF–27). Additional information on the theological
maze known as the pre-Fall nature of Christ will be found in The
Nature of Christ Change in Bible Readings (DH–2). And, of course,
further data from Inspired Sources will be found in FF–301 and onward,
DH–1, and IC–3-6. But some have requested that we provide further
background on the Roman Catholic doctrine of the Immaculate Conception.
Here is that information:
An Immaculate
Conception of Christ, by virtue of an Immaculate Conception for His
mother, was a subject of controversy for centuries. But by the seventh
century, three hundred years after the time of Constantine, the perfect
sinlessness of Mary had been accepted by officials in both the Eastern
and the Western portions of the Catholic Church. But then another
argument arose: Was Mary conceived sinless or, nine months later, born
sinless? The majority of the leading Catholic theologians of the twelfth
and thirteenth centuries decided that she was conceived in original sin,
but that it was removed from her at the moment that she was born into
this world. However, the opposition to an Immaculate Conception for Mary
was stifled by the point-of-logic that the Immaculate Conception did not
take place at the moment that the parent cells united in Ann’s womb
(Ann is the name they give to Mary’s mother); but, rather, she became
Immaculate at the moment "her soul was infused into her body."
Such hair-splitting theological detail may seem ridiculous to you and
me; but, to the "theological experts" of some seven centuries
ago, it won the victory. At about the same moment as her conception,
Mary’s "soul" was placed in her body by
"infusion"; and, at that moment, she became
"immaculate"—free from every stain of original sin. Mary’s
body had become as immaculate as the vagaries of Roman Catholic
theology. On December 8, 1854, Pope Pius IX read his newly written papal
bull (an official doctrinal statement by the pope), entitled Ineffabilis
Deus, to the waiting crowd in St. Peter’s Square. This
pronouncement imparted the sacredness of infallible truth to the theory
of Mary’s Immaculate Conception and defined it [quoted below].
Most, but not
all, Protestants have rejected this Catholic legend. (The Feast of the
Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin takes place on December 8
and a similar feast is kept by the Church of England. Her conception has
been celebrated on December 8 since the seventh century.) After 1854,
theologians of the Eastern Orthodox Church officially rejected the
Immaculate Conception dogma of Rome (although earlier they had generally
accepted it). But, ironically, the Eastern Church continues to teach
that Mary was utterly pure of all sin throughout her life; for, had she
not been so, she could not have given birth to a sinless Christ.
SUMMARY OF
THE THREE
BASIC ERRORS
A doctrine of
immaculate origin of the human nature of Christ was as necessary as a
doctrine of total and irreversible depravity for man in this life. The
two are inseparably connected. And a third was also needed: the teaching
that man is either saved by Christ apart from his own moral actions or
that he can save himself apart from Christ. These three constitute a
triumvirate of doctrinal authority for the error that man cannot, and
need not, obey the moral or physical laws of God in order to be saved
and taken to heaven, there to live with the pure and holy angels through
unending ages.
(1) Original
Sin: Man cannot obey God’s Law. (2) An Immaculate Human Nature for
Christ: Christ could not have obeyed God’s Law in our nature. (3)
Finished Atonement on the Cross or a variation of this: Man need not
obey God’s Law.
In summary,
then: (1) Original Sin: Man is totally fallen and cannot perfectly obey
God’s Law in this life, with or without the help of his Saviour. He
has excuse to sin all his life. We know this doctrine must be true,
since Christ did not dare be born with a human nature like ours, even
though the Bible teaches that He was. (2) An Immaculate Nature for
Christ: Jesus was born with a nature-not-ours. He was born with the
nature of His sinless mother (Catholic view) or with the nature of
sinless Adam (Protestant modernism). This theory has to be correct, or
Christ could not have resisted sin in this life. And we know this to be
so, because of the correctness of the doctrine of original sin. (Each of
these two teachings is used to prove the other.) (3) An Atonement not
related to our moral actions: We are saved by obeying the Church; for it
makes atonement for our sins in the Mass. Christ’s life, death, and
present intercession is not needed (Catholic view). Because of Christ’s
death and completed Atonement on Calvary, God will arbitrarily
predestine certain ones to salvation, apart from their choice to accept
Christ. For even a choice to accept Christ by them would be counted as a
"work of the flesh" and would damn them. So they must be saved
apart from even that. This is arbitrary predestination (the
predestination of Calvin and the Reform Protestant Churches). We are
saved by the act of Christ on the cross and there is nothing else that
we need to do or can do in order to be saved. No act of ours counts for
salvation, not one; but we must still have the act of accepting Him as
our Saviour [inconsistent]. It is the Atonement that saves us; and this
Atonement was started, carried through, and totally finished on Calvary.
All who make a choice-acceptance of Christ are predestined to go to
heaven, regardless of how they live on this earth. This is a
predestinate salvation keyed to our choice alone, apart from other
actions on our part. But it is inconsistent; for a choice is an act
(Protestant modernism; the "new theology"). Because of Christ’s
complete Atonement on Calvary, or without it—all men will be saved. No
act, including choice, affects our salvation (Universalism; Universal
Salvation).
THE 1919
SOURCE BOOK NOTES
The following
statement appeared in the 1919 edition of the Seventh-day Adventist
Bible Students’ Source Book:
" ‘We
pronounce, declare, and define, unto the glory of the holy and invisible
Trinity, the honor and ornament of the Holy Virgin, the mother of God,
for the exaltation of the Catholic faith and the increase of the
Christian religion, by the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ and the
blessed apostles Peter and Paul, and in our own authority, that the
doctrine which holds the Blessed Virgin Mary to have been, from the
first moment of her conception, by a singular grace and privilege of
Almighty God, in view of the merits of Christ Jesus the Saviour of
mankind, preserved free from all stain of original sin, was revealed by
God, and is therefore to be firmly and constantly believed by all the
faithful.’ "—Extract from the bull, Ineffabilis Deus, of
Pope Pius IX, Dec. 8, 1854, promulgating the dogma of the Immaculate
Conception of the Virgin Mary; cited in Dogmatic Canons and Decrees, pp.
183-184.
" ‘Who
can believe that, it being in the power of God the Son to prepare a
spotless holy temple wherein to dwell incarnate for nine months, he
preferred to have one which had been first profaned by the stain of
original sin? Who can imagine that God, who could become incarnate by
preparing for himself a mother immaculate in her conception, should have
preferred a mother who had first been stained by sin and once in the
power and slavery of Satan? To admit such suppositions is shocking to
Christian minds . . It being in the power of God to preserve Mary
unstained from original sin, there is every reason to believe that he
did it. God is able; therefore he did it.’ "—Catholic
Belief, Joseph Faa di Bruno, D.D. (R.C.), p. 218. New York:
Benziger Brothers.
" ‘God
the Son, by assuming this perfect human nature, which he took from the
Blessed Virgin, was born in the flesh."—Op. Cit., p. 208.
Here is a
second statement from the 1919 edition of the Seventh-day Adventist
Bible Students’ Source Book:
"
‘The Scripture plainly teaches that Jesus, when born of woman, assumed
sinful flesh (Heb. 2:14; Rom 8:3), and thus became united with man in
his fallen condition. [But] this doctrine of the Immaculate Conception
of the Virgin Mary separates Jesus from the human family in its present
state, by giving Him a ‘perfect human nature,’ free from the stain
of original sin, and thus prepares the way for the introduction of that
human mediation which is one of the prominent features of the Roman
Catholic system. The very essence of Christianity being the experience,
‘Christ in you, the hope of glory,’ it thus appears that the dogma
of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary strikes at the very
heart of Christianity.—Eds.’ "—Seventh-day Adventist Bible
Students’ Source Book, 1919 Ed., p. 220.
The above note
in the 1919 edition of the Seventh-day Adventist Bible
Students’ Source Book is even clearer and more descriptive of the
basic issues involved than is the 1915 note in Bible Readings
(see The Nature of Christ Change in Bible Readings [DH–1]).
Both notes have been removed from more recent editions of these books.
The replacement note in Bible Readings is given in DH–2. The
current edition of the Seventh-day Adventist Bible Students’
Source Book has no replacement note of any kind.
————————————————————
THE RALPH
LARSON PAPER
The following
is a copy of what originally was a two-page typewritten article, written
between 1978 and 1980. It was written by Ralph Larson who, at that time,
was the senior pastor of the Loma Linda Campus Hill Church. The
following is a very brief summary of the challenge we are now facing
from the modernists in our Church.
WHAT IS IT
ALL ABOUT?
"This
brief paper is being written to answer the oft-repeated question that
appears at its head. Many of our members and some of our ministers are
puzzled by the present dialogue and debate in Adventist circles, and are
wondering what the real issues are. I will here present a brief and
simple outline of the points under discussion, and invite those who want
more information to write to me.
"What is
the overall problem? —An attempt by a few men to change the theology
of the Seventh-day Adventist Church. Who are these men? —Robert
Brinsmead, Desmond Ford, and Edward Heppenstall. Are the changes they
are proposing major or minor? —They include the nature of God, the
nature of the incarnate Christ, the nature of man, and the nature of
salvation itself. These are not minor matters. And in addition, we must
recognize that acceptance of their ‘new theology’ would require the
rejection of the Spirit of Prophecy.
"Is
righteousness by faith the main issue? —By no means. Discussing this,
as well as justification and sanctification, without examining the basic
theological presuppositions of these men, would be like treating the
spots on the skin of a measles patient without treating the disease
itself.
"What
then is the real, the basic, issue? —Augustine’s doctrine of
original sin. This is a theory that all men are born with guilt from the
sin of Adam in some way imputed to them, so that they are under the
judgment and condemnation of God at birth. In addition, they inherit
moral weakness from Adam.
"What is
the connection between this and righteousness by faith? —Augustine
taught that character perfection, even through the power of Christ, can
never be attained in this life because of the moral weakness of original
sin, which remains in all people, including Christians, as long as they
live.
"What is
the connection between this and the nature of Christ? —Since all
descendants, according to the theory [of original sin], are born with
guilt, some scheme had to be devised to keep this guilt from infecting
Christ through Mary. Catholic theologians developed the idea of the
Immaculate Conception to solve this problem. It is a theory that Mary
herself, by a special miracle, was kept free from original sin so that
she would not pass it on to Jesus. Protestants developed a slightly
different theory of Immaculate Conception. According to their version, a
special miracle made it possible for Christ, though a child of Mary, to
not partake of her nature, but to take the nature of Adam before his
Fall. The Bible, of course, knows nothing of either of these special
miracles, and Ellen White flatly rejects both of them.
"How did
these men get hooked on Augustine’s doctrine of original sin? —Calvin
and Luther were devoted disciples of Augustine, and elevated his
theories to a level far above their place in even the Catholic Church of
their time. Brinsmead, Ford, and Heppenstall all studied under
Calvinistic theologians.
"Did our
pioneers accept Calvinistic-Augustinian theology? —Emphatically not.
They aligned themselves with Wesley, Arminius, and Zwingli against
Calvin’s doctrine of original sin, predestination, etc.
"How does
Augustine’s doctrine of original sin view sanctification? —It views
total sanctification as utterly impossible, even through the power of
Christ. Ellen White traces this doctrine to Satan himself. See Patriarchs
and Prophets, 69, 77; Desire of Ages, 24, 309, 761.
"How does
Augustine’s doctrine of original sin view justification? —Since
total sanctification is impossible, our only hope is in justification.
We will still be sinning right up to the moment that Jesus comes.
Compare [this error] with Adventist Home, 16.
"What do
these teachers do with Ellen White’s picture of the close of probation
and the righteous standing without a mediator [read Early Writings,
71, with Great Controversy, 613-614]? —They stubbornly
argue that forgiveness will still be necessary, even after the close of
probation.
"What did
Augustine teach about unbaptized infants? —That they were lost and
damned, since [the guilt of] original sin is canceled only at baptism.
What do the Adventist teachers of Augustine’s theology say? —At
least one of them teaches that unbaptized infants cannot be saved, but
will not be punished either, but will simply go into non-existence
without punishment. [This is the Catholic doctrine of Limbo, where
unbaptized infants go if they die.] See Desire of Ages, 512.
"To sum
up: These men have become infatuated with Calvinistic theology, which is
itself an enlargement on Augustine’s theology. They have made it their
goal to swing the Adventist Church away from its alignment with Wesley,
Arminius, and Zwingli on these points and line us up with Calvin,
Luther, and Augustine. It is therefore an enormous waste of time to
enter into any discussion with them or any of their followers regarding
sanctification, justification, etc., unless they first make clear their
position on original sin. This is a doctrine that the Adventist Church
has always firmly rejected.
—vf
HISTORY |